Article Information

Abstract

Microplastic (MP) pollution is a worldwide environmental and public health issue owing to its persistence, extensive dispersion, and resistance to wastewater treatment. The entire microplastic management pathway, including sources, environmental distribution, human exposure, sampling and extraction techniques, analytical identification techniques, advanced wastewater treatment technologies, and related risks to human health, is summarized in this review in a thorough and current manner. This study incorporates current developments in detection, removal, and toxicological evaluation into a cohesive framework, in contrast to other evaluations that mainly concentrate on distinct aspects of microplastic contamination. The mechanisms, efficiencies, benefits, and drawbacks of emerging technologies such as advanced spectroscopic techniques, photocatalytic micromotors, bioinspired molecules, metal organic framework (MOF) based adsorbents, biochar filtration, and electrocoagulation for wastewater applications are highlighted. The study also gathers new data from throughout the world on exposure to microplastics via food, drinking water, and the air, connecting long term exposure to oxidative stress, inflammation, endocrine disruption, reproductive damage, and neurological diseases. Furthermore, a critical discussion is held on existing knowledge gaps, such as the lack of standardized analytical techniques, insufficient detection of nanoplastics, and poor comprehension of health effects. This study is unique in that it evaluates analytical, engineering, and toxicological viewpoints in an integrated manner and suggests future research avenues that include health-based risk assessment, sustainable elimination methods, and standardized monitoring. For academics, environmental engineers, legislators, and wastewater treatment professionals looking for practical ways to reduce microplastic pollution and safeguard aquatic ecosystems and public health, this all-encompassing approach offers helpful advice.

Keywords

Cite

Citation: Inkiad Anik (2026). A Detailed Review of Microplastics in Wastewater: Sources, Sampling, Extraction, Analysis, Removal Technologies, and Human Health Implications. Epistora J. Earth Environ. Sci. 1(1), 1-18. Article EJEES-2026-101